Friedrich Hermann Loew (19 July 1807 – 21 April 1879) was a German

entomologist Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as ara ...

who specialised in the study of

Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced ...

, an order of insects including

flies Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced m ...

mosquito Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "li ...

es,

gnat A gnat () is any of many species of tiny flying insects in the dipterid suborder Nematocera, especially those in the families Mycetophilidae, Anisopodidae and Sciaridae. They can be both biting and non-biting. Most often they fly in large ...

s and

midge A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non- mosquito Nematoceran Diptera. Midges are found (seasonally or otherwise) on practically every land area outside permanently arid deserts and the frigid zones. Some mi ...

s. He described many world species and was the first specialist to work on the Diptera of the United States.

Biography

Early years

Hermann Loew was born in Weissenfels, Saxony a short distance south of

Halle Halle may refer to: Places Germany * Halle (Saale), also called Halle an der Saale, a city in Saxony-Anhalt ** Halle (region), a former administrative region in Saxony-Anhalt ** Bezirk Halle, a former administrative division of East Germany ** Hal ...

(Germany). The Loew family, though not wealthy, was well-placed. Loew's father was a functionary for the Department of Justice of the Duchy of

Saxony Saxony (german: Sachsen ; Upper Saxon German, Upper Saxon: ''Saggsn''; hsb, Sakska), officially the Free State of Saxony (german: Freistaat Sachsen, links=no ; Upper Saxon: ''Freischdaad Saggsn''; hsb, Swobodny stat Sakska, links=no), is a ...

who later became a ''Geheimer Regierungsrath'' of

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an e ...

. Between 1817 and 1829 Loew attended first the Convent school of Rossleben, then the

University of Halle-Wittenberg Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (german: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public, research-oriented university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg and the largest and oldest university ...

, graduating in mathematics,

philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as ...

and natural history.

Teacher, tutor and husband

Recognizing his abilities as a mathematician, the university, on his graduation, appointed him as a lecturer in the same subjects. In 1830 he went to Berlin and gave lessons in different higher grade schools including the ''Kadetten-Schule'' military school. Here he was private tutor to Prince Biron heir to the

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia ( la, Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ; german: Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen; lv, Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste; lt, Kuršo ir Žiemgalos kunigaikštystė; pl, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii) was ...

and the young Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) later one of the most famous

oculist Ophthalmology ( ) is a surgical subspecialty within medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a physician who undergoes subspecialty training in medical and surgical eye care. Following a medic ...

s of all times. In 1834 Loew was appointed superior teacher (''Oberlehrer'') at the Friedrich-Wilhelm- Gymnasium in Posen, known today as St. John Cantius High School in Poznań, Poland where he taught mathematics and natural history. In the same year he married the daughter of senior preacher Ehricht, a favourite sermoniser. Several of Loew's pupils at Posen became scientific celebrities, the most notable being the philosopher

Kuno Fischer Ernst Kuno Berthold Fischer (23 July 1824 – 5 July 1907) was a German philosopher, a historian of philosophy and a critic. Biography After studying philosophy at Leipzig and Halle, became a privatdocent at Heidelberg in 1850. The Baden gover ...

(1824–1907) and the mathematicians

Leo Königsberger Leo Königsberger (15 October 1837 – 15 December 1921) was a German mathematician, and historian of science. He is best known for his three-volume biography of Hermann von Helmholtz, which remains the standard reference on the subject. In 2 ...

(1837–1921) and

Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs (5 May 1833 – 26 April 1902) was a Jewish-German mathematician who contributed important research in the field of linear differential equations. He was born in Moschin (Mosina) (located in Grand Duchy of Posen) and ...

(1835–1902). That they became such, gifted though they were, must have been due to Loew's extraordinary abilities and his popularity with students.

The Far East

In 1841-2 Loew accompanied Heinrich Kiepert (1818–1899), a celebrated

geographer A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts. The Greek prefix "geo" means "earth" a ...

, and August Schoenborn to the Near East. The results of this trip were later partly communicated to Hermann Carl Conrad Burmeister (1807–1892),

Philipp Christoph Zeller Philipp Christoph Zeller (8 April 1808 – 27 March 1883) was a German entomologist. Zeller was born at Steinheim an der Murr, Württemberg, two miles from Marbach, the birthplace of Schiller. The family moved to Frankfurt (Oder) where Philipp ...

and to

Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister ...

(1769–1859), but the remainder (the greatest part), were used in Loew's own later publications. August Schoenborn,

philologist Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined ...

and

, was also a professor at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Gymnasium in Posen, and author of

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

school books. He eventually became Loew's brother-in-law. Humboldt was of course the author of the chattily readable "Kosmos", an account of the visible universe, and the most celebrated German naturalist explorer of his day. Many other countries were visited en route including

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

and

Asia Minor Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

Politics

In 1848 Loew was elected to the German Parliament in

Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: , " Frank ford on the Main"), is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse. Its 791,000 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located on it ...

. Elected to the first German Parliament when 40 years old, Loew resisted the separatist longings of the Poles from his outpost (Posen) near the frontier of

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

. He belonged to Heinrich von Gagern's Imperial Party, a grouping which fostered

Liberalism in Germany This article aims to give a historical outline of liberalism in Germany. The liberal parties dealt with in the timeline below are, largely, those which received sufficient support at one time or another to have been represented in parliament. N ...

and pursued a policy of fusion for the German states.

Tragedy, Disappointment and a return to teaching

Disillusioned by failure to realise German unity and distressed by the death of his 21-year-old daughter from the

plague Plague or The Plague may refer to: Agriculture, fauna, and medicine *Plague (disease), a disease caused by ''Yersinia pestis'' * An epidemic of infectious disease (medical or agricultural) * A pandemic caused by such a disease * A swarm of pes ...

, in 1850, Loew left politics. In 1850 he was appointed director of the royal

Realschule ''Realschule'' () is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. It has also existed in Croatia (''realna gimnazija''), the Austrian Empire, the German Empire, Denmark and Norway (''realskole''), Sweden (''realskola''), ...

Mesritz (a Realschule is a school emphasizing technical and scientific studies). Due to the efforts of Loew, the Mesritz Realschule was later to become a gymnasium (a more classical sort of school, though still scientific). While at Mesritz Loew gave up politics so as not to be in conflict with the educational department, and resisted offers of a seat in the

Prussian Landtag The Landtag of Prussia (german: Preußischer Landtag) was the representative assembly of the Kingdom of Prussia implemented in 1849, a bicameral legislature consisting of the upper House of Lords (''Herrenhaus'') and the lower House of Represent ...

(Federal state parliament) for the district of Mesritz-Bomst.

Bad health

Severe health problems between 1851 and 1854 forced retirement. In 1868 he received a pension and took up the study of Diptera full-time after moving to Guben,

. Here he worked incessantly on Diptera. In 1870 he was elected city councillor and vice-president of the city council in Guben and held a seat in the legislature in Berlin for the Sorau-Guben district between 1873 and 1876.

Last years

The imminent end of Loew was signalled on a summer holiday in Blankenburg in

Thuringia Thuringia (; german: Thüringen ), officially the Free State of Thuringia ( ), is a state of central Germany, covering , the sixth smallest of the sixteen German states. It has a population of about 2.1 million. Erfurt is the capital and lar ...

when he had a

paralytic stroke A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop function ...

after which he sought treatment in the Diaconissen-Haus in Halle, Saxony, and died on 21 April 1879. Only three of his seven children survived him. His obituary in the Vassisches Zeitung described him as a "distinguished pedagogue, naturalist pioneer of German Unity".

Loew's character

Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched ...

protestant Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...

, Loew's motto was "Gott Helfe" – God helps or God may help. Loew was an obsessive worker. Something of his nature can be judged from his refusing to eat warm food to pay off the loans incurred during his education, and from his extraordinary

calligraphy Calligraphy (from el, link=y, καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined ...

, with its machine-like precision. There is never any difficulty with reading a Loew label, characteristically justified to the side margins. Loew shared such personality traits with the neurotically-obsessive fellow entomologist

Alexander Henry Haliday Alexander Henry Haliday (1806–1870, also known as Enrico Alessandro Haliday, Alexis Heinrich Haliday, or simply Haliday) was an Ireland, Irish entomologist. He is primarily known for his work on Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Thysanoptera, but wor ...

Work

Hermann Loew was undoubtedly the dominant dipterist from the 1840s and the following three decades. Although predominantly a describer — delineating the taxonomically useful characters of more than 4,000 species mainly from the

Palaearctic The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth. It stretches across all of Eurasia north of the foothills of the Himalayas, and North Africa. The realm consists of several bioregions: the Euro-Sibe ...

and North America, but also from the

Afrotropics The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the island ...

and the Far East — Loew made important contributions to higher

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

. Hermann Loew is best known with regard to Diptera paleontology for his work with Baltic amber inclusions. He was the first investigator to seriously interest himself in the Diptera of amber and his 1850 work on the amber Diptera from the Baltic region was the major foundation for all future study on amber Diptera.

Loew's collections

Loew's personal Baltic amber collection is in the

Natural History Museum A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more. ...

, London.

Types Type may refer to: Science and technology Computing * Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc. * Data type In computer science and computer programming, a data type (or simply type) is a set of possible values and a set of allo ...

of fossil species based on material in the Klebs Collection are now in Göttingen. Fossil types based on specimens from the Berendt collection are in the Paläontologisches Museum, in the present day the ''Museum für Naturkunde'' (the Natural History Museum of Berlin). Types of recent Diptera are in the ''Museum für Naturkunde'', Berlin, except for the North American species, which are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As part of the Boston metropolitan area, the cities population of the 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the fourth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, ...

, the South African material, which is in the University of Halle, Zoological Museum, and the Alaskan species, which are in the Zoological Museum in Helsingfors. Other Loew specimens, including types, are in the Natural History Museum in Stockholm and in the Natural History Museum, London (Lepidoptera from

). Small numbers of specimens are in the Natural History Museum in

Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of the Wicklow Mountains range. At the 2016 ...

, Ireland and in the

Hope Department of Entomology The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum or OUMNH, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England. It ...

, University of Oxford.

The Loew collection in the ''Museum für Naturkunde'', Berlin

Otites bucephala Meigen total dorsal left

Aside from Diptera collected by Loew himself, mostly from the area around Posen and Meseritz (then in Prussia but now in Poland) and elsewhere in what is now Germany. The collection contains much material collected by other, mostly anonymous German entomologists from Germany and other parts of Europe. There is also material collected in (not by Loew): "Brasilien, Bismark Arch

pelago Pelago is a '' comune'' (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany, located about east of Florence. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 7,396 and an area of .All demographics and other statisti ...

Ralum, Bogota, Columbien, Chile, Venezuela, Cuba, Carolina, Chile, Sumatra, Soekaranda, Montivide Askhaabad, Transcaspian, Amboine, Klein-Asien-Asia Minor, Arab fel., Andalusia, Griechenland, Santiago, Lapland, N. Kamerun Cameroons, Kaukasus, Texas, Aegyptea". In these respects the collection, though impressive in most respects differs little from that of other contemporary assemblages. The collection, however, contains: * Specimens sent by Alexander Henry Haliday which was either type (in the modern sense) or which he considered representative of his own taxa * Specimens sent by Alexander Henry Haliday comp. exemp. Linnaeus or comp. exemp. Meigen (following Halidays examination of these collections in London (Linnaeus) and Paris (Meigen)) * Specimens sent by

Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Swedish naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera. Biography Zetterstedt studied at the University of Lund, where he was a pupil of Anders Jahan Retzius. He recei ...

either type or representative of Zetterstedt taxa * Specimens sent by Rasmus Carl Stæger illustrative of Stæger’s description * Specimens sent by

Camillo Rondani Camillo Rondani (21 November 1808 – 17 September 1879) was an Italian entomologist noted for his studies of Diptera. Early life, family and education Camillo Rondani was born in Parma when the city was part of the French Empire Napoleon ...

‘comparito con il tipo’ * Synonymic notes, either on or with pinned specimens

Insects named for Loew

* ''Trichosoma loewii'' Zeller, 1846 (Lepidoptera) (now ''

Ocnogyna loewii ''Ocnogyna loewii'' is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1846. It is found in Asia Minor, Cyprus, Near East, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Daghestan, southern Uzbekistan, south-western Tajikistan, northern Iran ...

'') * ''

Albulina loewii ''Plebejidea loewii'', the large jewel blue, Retrieved April 23, 2018. is a species of blue (Lycaenidae) butterfly. Description from Seitz L. loewii Z. (= empyrea Frr.) (78 i). Has the appearance of a small form of the preced ing . aliardii ; ...

'' (Zeller, 1847) — large jewel blue (Lepidoptera) * ''

Scymnus loewii ''Scymnus loewii'', or Loew's lady beetle, is a species of dusky lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in Central America, North America, and Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Mela ...

'' Mulsant, 1850 — Loew's ladybird (

Coleoptera Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describe ...

* '' Aleuropteryx loewii'' Klapálek, 1894 (

Neuroptera The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera can be grouped together with the Megaloptera and Raphidioptera in th ...

) * ''Acrotelus loewii'' Reuter, 1885 (

Heteroptera The Heteroptera are a group of about 40,000 species of insects in the order Hemiptera. They are sometimes called "true bugs", though that name more commonly refers to the Hemiptera as a whole. "Typical bugs" might be used as a more unequivocal al ...

, Miridae) — renamed to '' Acrotelus caspicus'' * '' Damioseca loewii'' Carvalho * '' Phytomyza loewii'' Hendel, 1923 (

Agromyzidae The Agromyzidae are a family commonly referred to as the leaf-miner flies, for the feeding habits of their larvae, most of which are leaf miners on various plants. A worldwide family of roughly 2,500 species, they are small, some with wing l ...

) * ''

Meromacrus loewii ''Meromacrus'' is a genus of 43 neotropical and nearctic flower flies or hoverflies Species *'' M. abdominalis'' Sack, 1920 *'' M. acutus'' ( Fabricius, 1805) *'' M. aemulus'' ( Williston, 1888) *'' M. anna'' Curran, 1936 *'' M. auriferus'' ...

'' (Williston, 1892) ( Syrphidae) * '' Trapezostigma loewii'' (Kaup, 1866) (

Odonata Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies. Members of the group first appeared during the Triassic, though members of their total group, Odonatoptera, first appeared in Late Carboniferous. The two com ...

Libellulidae The skimmers or perchers and their relatives form the Libellulidae, the largest dragonfly family in the world. It is sometimes considered to contain the Corduliidae as the subfamily Corduliinae and the Macromiidae as the subfamily Macromiinae. E ...

) — common glider dragonfly * ''Pterophorus loewii'' (Zeller, 1847) (now '' Stenoptilia zophodactylus'') (Lepidoptera,

Pterophoridae The Pterophoridae or plume moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings. Though they belong to the Apoditrysia like the larger moths and the butterflies, unlike these they are tiny and were formerly included among the assemblag ...

) * '' Plejus loewii'' — Loew's blue plejus (

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described speci ...

) * '' Argyra loewii'' Kowarz, 1879 (

Dolichopodidae Dolichopodidae, the long-legged flies, are a large, cosmopolitan family of true flies with more than 7,000 described species in about 230 genera. The genus ''Dolichopus'' is the most speciose, with some 600 species. Dolichopodidae generally are ...

) * '' Ocnaea loewi'' Cole, 1919 (

Acroceridae The Acroceridae are a small family of odd-looking flies. They have a hump-backed appearance with a strikingly small head, generally with a long proboscis for accessing nectar. They are rare and not widely known. The most frequently applied common ...

) * ''

Campiglossa loewiana ''Campiglossa loewiana'' is a species of fly in the family Tephritidae, the gall flies. The species is found in the Palearctic.Séguy, E. (1934) ''Diptères: Brachycères''. II. ''Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae''. Paris: Éditions Faune de ...

'' (Hendel,1927) ''Paroxyna loewiana''(

Tephritidae The Tephritidae are one of two fly families referred to as fruit flies, the other family being the Drosophilidae. The family Tephritidae does not include the biological model organisms of the genus ''Drosophila'' (in the family Drosophilidae), ...

) * '' Loewiella'' Williston (

Asilidae The Asilidae are the robber fly family, also called assassin flies. They are powerfully built, bristly flies with a short, stout proboscis enclosing the sharp, sucking hypopharynx. The name "robber flies" reflects their notoriously aggressive pre ...

) * '' Loewia'' Egger, 1856 (

Tachinidae The Tachinidae are a large and variable family of true fly, flies within the insect order Fly, Diptera, with more than 8,200 known species and many more to be discovered. Over 1,300 species have been described in North America alone. Insects in t ...

) * ''

Muscina ''Muscina'' is a genus of flies that belongs to the family Muscidae, currently consisting of 27 species."ITIS Standard Report Page: Muscina." Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 20 Mar. 2009 They are worldwide in distribution and are freque ...

angustifrons'', 1858 (Muscidae)

Works

* 1837: ''Dipterologische Notizen.'' In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 1, S. 1–10, Wien 1837. * 1840: ''Über die im Großherzogtum Posen aufgefundenen Zweiflügler eprint: Bemerkungen über die in der Posener Gegend einheimischen Arten mehrerer Zweiflügler-Gattungen. Posen, 1840, S. 1–40'' In: ''Isis.'' S. 512–584, Jena 1840. * 1844: ''Beschreibung einiger neuer Gattungen der europäischen Dipterenfauna.'' In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 5, S. 114–130, 154–173, 165–168, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1844. * 1844: ''Dioctria hercyniae, eine neue Art''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 5, S. 381–382, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1844. * 1847: ''Dipterologisches''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 8, S. 368–376, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1847. * 1847: ''Über die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica)''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 2, S. 384–568, 585–591, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1847. * 1847: ''Nomina systematica generum dipterorum, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum disposita, adjectis auctoribus, libris in quibus reperiuntur, anno editionis, etymologia et familiis ad quas pertinent.'' In: Agassiz: ''Nomenclator zoologicus''. Solothurn 1847, Fasc. 9/10 * 1848: ''Ueber die europäischen Arten der Gattung Eumerus''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 9, S. 118–128, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1848. * 1848: ''Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica)''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 3, S. 386–495, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1848. * 1849: ''Ueber die europäischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica)''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 4, S. 1–155, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1849. * 1850: ''Ueber den Bernstein und die Bernsteinfauna''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1850.'' S. 1–4, 1–44, Berlin 1850. * 1851: ''Bemerkungen über die Familie Asiliden''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1851.'' S. 1–22, Berlin 1851. * 1851: ''Nachträge zu den europäischen Asiliden''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 5, S. 407–416, Szczecin (= Stettin) und Berlin 1851. * 1852: ''Diagnosen der Dipteren von Peter's Reise in Mossambique''. In: ''Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1852.'' S. 658–661, Berlin 1852. * 1853: ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Erster Beitrag''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1853.'' S. 1–37, Berlin 1853. * 1854: ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Zweiter Beitrag''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1854.'' S. 1–24, Berlin 1854. * 1855: ''Vier neue griechische Diptera''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 16, S. 39–41, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1855. * 1856: ''Diptera.'' In: Rosenhauer: ''Die Thiere Anadalusien nach dem Resultate einer Reise zusammengestellt''. Blaesing, Erlangen 1856. * 1856: ''Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Dipteren. Vierter Beitrag''. In: ''Programm K. Realschule zu Meseritz 1856.'' S. 1–57, Berlin 1856. * 1857: ''Dipterologische Mittheilungen''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 1, S. 33–56, S. 36–37, Wien 1857. * 1857: ''Dipterologische Notizen''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 1, S. 1–10, Wien 1857. * 1857: ''Dischistus multisetosus und Saropogon aberrans, zwei neue europäische Dipteren''. In: ''Stettiner entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 18, S. 17–20, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1857. * 1858: ''Bericht über die neueren Erscheinungen auf dem Gebiete der Dipterologie''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 2, S. 325–349, Berlin 1858. * 1858: ''Beschreibung einiger japanischer Dipteren''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 2, S. 100–112, Wien 1858. * 1858: ''Bidrag till kännendomen om Afrikas Diptera''. In: ''Öfvers. Svenska Vet. — Akad. Förhandl.'' Band 14(9), 1857, S. 337–383 (342–367). * 1859: ''Bidrag till kännendomen om Afrikas Diptera''. In: ''Öfvers. Svenska Vet. — Akad. Förhandl.'' Band 15, 1858, S. 335–341 (337–339). * 1859: ''Ueber die europäischen Helomyzidae und die in Schlesien vorkommenden Arten derselben''. In: ''Linnaea entomologica.'' Band 13, 1859, S. 3–80.
online
* 1860: ''Die Dipteren-Fauna Südafrikas. Erste Abtheilung''. In: ''Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Sachsen und Thüringen.'' Band 2, 1858–1861, S. 56–402, S. 128–244, Halle. * 1860: ''Drei von Herrn Dr.Friedr.Stein in Dalmatien entdeckte Dipteren''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 4, S. 20–24, Wien 1860. * 1861: ''Diptera aliquot in insula Cuba collecta''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 5, S. 33–43, Wien 1861. * 1861: ''Die europäischen Arten der Gattung Stenopogon''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 5, S. 8–13, Wien 1861. * 1862: ''Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 6, S. 185–232, S. 188–193, Berlin 1862. * 1862: ''Diptera In: ''Zweiflügler'' In: Wilhelm C. H. Peters: ''Reise nach Mossambique auf Befehl Sr Maj. des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV. in den Jahren 1842–1848 ausgeführt. 5. Insecten u. Amphibien''. Reimer, Berlin 1862. * 1862: ''Ueber einige bei Varna gefangene Dipteren''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 6, S. 161–175, Wien 1862. * 1862: ''Ueber griechische Dipteren''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 6, S. 69–89, Berlin 1862. * 1863: ''Enumeratio dipterorum quae C.Tollin ex Africa merdionali (Orangestaat, Bloemfontein) misit''. In: ''Wiener Entomologische Monatsschrift.'' Band 7, S. 9–16, Wien 1863. * 1865: ''Ueber einige bei Kutais in Imeretien gefangene Dipteren''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 9, S. 234–242, Berlin 1865. * 1866: ''Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 10, S. 1–54, S. 15–37, Berlin 1866. * 1868: ''Cilicische Dipteren und einige mit ihnen concurrirende Arten''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 12, S. 369–386, Berlin 1868. * 1869: ''Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen.'' Band I. Halle 1869, S. 61–121. * 1870: ''Diptera.'' In: L. von Heyden: ''Entomologische Reise nach dem südlichen Spanien der Sierra Guadarrrama und Sierra Morena, Portugal und den Cantabrischen Gebirge mit Beschreibung der neuen Arten''. Berlin 1870, S. 211–212. * 1870: ''Lobioptera speciosa Meig. und decora nov.sp.''. In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 35, S. 9–14, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1870. * 1870: ''Ueber die von Herrn Dr.G.Seidlitz in Spanien gesammelten Dipteren''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 14, S. 137–144, Berlin 1870. * 1871: ''Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen.'' Band II. Halle 1871, S. 70–196. * 1872: ''Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' Band 16, S. 49–115, S. 62–74, Berlin 1872. * 1873: ''Bemerkungen über die von Herrn F. Walker im 5. Bande des Entomologist beschriebenen ägyptischen und arabischen Dipteren''. In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 42, S. 105–109, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1873. * 1873: ''Beschreibungen europäischer Dipteren. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflügligen Insecten von Johann Wilhelm Meigen.'' Band III. Halle 1873, S. 120–144. * 1874: ''Diptera nova a Hug.Theod.Christopho collecta''. In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 43, Neue Folge Band 9, S. 413–420, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1874. * 1874: ''Neue nordamerikanische Dasypogonina''. In: ''Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift.'' 18, S. 353–377, Berlin 1874. * 1874: ''Ueber die Arten der Gattung Blepharotes Westw.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft.'' Band 10, 44, S. 71–75, Braunschweig, Berlin-Dahlem 1874. * 1881: Stein: ''Die Löw’sche Dipteren-Sammlung''. In: ''Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung.'' Band 42, S. 489–491, Szczecin (= Stettin) 1881. Longer list of works see the references i
Sabrosky's Family Group Names in Diptera
and also the German version of this page.

References

*Anonym 1878–1879 oew, F. H.''Ber. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. Frankf.a.M.'' 1878–79: 7. *Anonym 1879 iographien''Zool. Anz.'' 2: 336. *Anonym 1879 oew, F. H.''Entomologist's Monthly Magazine'' (3) 16: 46. *Anonym 1879 oew, F. H.''Ent. Nachr.'' (F. Karsch) 5: 146. *Anonym 1879 oew, F. H.''Naturaliste Canad.'' 1: 63. *Anonym 1969 oew, H.''Ann. Natal Mus.'' 19. *Carus Sterne 1879 oew, F. H.''Dtsch. ent. Ztschr.'' 23: 419–423. *Essig, E. O. 1931 A History of Entomology. New York, Macmillan Company : VI+1–1029, 691–694, Portr. *Evenhuis, N. L. 1992 The publication and dating of Hermann Loew’s school-program Diptera articles. ''Archives of Natural History'' 19 (3): 375–378. *Evenhuis, N. L. 1997 ''Litteratura taxonomica dipterorum'' (1758–1930). Volume 1 (A–K); Volume 2 (L–Z). Leiden, Backhuys Publishers 1; 2 VII+1–426; 427–871 2: 486–496, Portrait. *Hesselbart, G., Oorschot, H. van & Wagener, S. 1995 ''Die Tagfalter der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der angrenzend en Länder. Bocholt, Selbstverlag S. Wagener. 99. * Kowarz, F. 1879: oew, F. H.''Verh. k.k. zool.bot. Ges. Wien, Sitzungsber.'' 29: 45–47. *Kraatz, G., 1879 Loew's Fliegensammlung ''Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift'' 1879: 23–2

*Krause, E. 1879 oew, F. H.''Dt. ent. Z.'' 23: 419–423. *Musgrave, A. 1932 ''Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930.'' Sydney *Nonveiller, G. 1999 ''The Pioneers of the research on the Insects of Dalmatia.'' Zagreb, Hrvatski Pridodoslovni Muzej, 390pp. *Osborn, H. 1937 ''Fragments of Entomological History Including Some Personal Recollections of Men and Events.''Columbus, Ohio, Published by the Author. *Osborn, H. 1952 ''A Brief History of Entomology Including Time of Demosthenes and Aristotle to Modern Times with over Five Hundred Portraits.'' Columbus, Ohio, The Spahr & Glenn Company. *Osten-Sacken, C. R. 1884 oew, F. H.''Verh. k.k. zool.bot. Ges. Wien, Sitzungsber''. 34: 455–464. *Osten-Sacken, C. R. 1903 ''Record of my life and work in entomology.'' Cambridge (Mass.) 29–35, 44–45, 99–137,144–153, 158–164. * Paul Gustav Eduard Speiser, Speiser, P. 1907: oew, F. H.''Ent. Wochenbl.'' 24: 129–130. *Stone, A. 1980 ''History of Nearctic Dipterology''. in Griffiths, G. C. D. (Ed.). ''Flies of the Nearctic Region''. Stuttgart, Schweizerbart 1(1) XIII+1–62, 36–37. *van Rossum, A. J. 1908 Hermann Löew Lerdacht. ''Ent. Berichten'' 2: 217. * Zeller, P. 1847 Verzeichnis der vom Professor Dr. Loew in der Türkei und Asien gesammelten ''Lepidoptera Isis von Oken'' 1: 3–39.

Footnotes

External links

Systema Dipterorum
Provides complete Friedrich Hermann Loew Diptera Bibliography
EOL
''

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'' Taxa described by Loew.Complete and many supported by images.Type Loew into the search box
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Digitised works by Hermann Loew at

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Loew, Hermann 1807 births 1879 deaths Dipterists German entomologists German Lutherans People from Weißenfels People from the Province of Saxony Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni 19th-century Lutherans